Vazhinji Varidzi Vezvipfuyo Vanodyisa Zvipfuwo Zvavo Zvekutengesa Chikafu Chemhuka. Nekuti Chikafu Chekutengesa Chipfuwo Chine Zvakanakira Zvokudya Zvakakwana uye Zvakapfuma, Kudya kwakaringana uye zvichingodaro. Zvinoenderana Neakasiyana Maitiro Ekugadzirisa Uye Mvura Yemukati, Chikafu Chemhuka Inogona Kukamurwa MuChikafu Chakaoma Chekudya, Semi-Moist Chikafu Chekudya, Uye Chikafu Chikafu Chekudya; Zvinoenderana neKunyorova, Chikafu chePeti chinogona kukamurwa muChikafu chakasanganiswa, Chikafu chakapfava, uye Chikafu chakaoma. Dzimwe nguva Zvakaoma Kuchinja Madyiro Echipfuwo, Kunyangwe Chikafu Chitsva Chinopihwa Kuchipfuyo Chine Zvokudya Zvinovaka muviri uye Zvinozadzisa Zvinodiwa.
Dry Pet Food Kazhinji Iine 10% kusvika 12% Mvura. Chikafu chakaoma zvakare chinosanganisira Coarse Powder Chikafu, Granule Chikafu, Chikafu Chepasi Chikafu, Chikafu Chakanyura Uye Chikafu Chakabikwa, Pakati peIcho Chinonyanya Kuzivikanwa uye Chakakurumbira Chikafu Chakawedzerwa. Dry Pet Chikafu Chinonyanya Kuumbwa Nezviyo, Zviyo Ne-Zvigadzirwa, Soy Zvigadzirwa, Zvigadzirwa zveMhuka, Zvigadzirwa zveMhuka (Kusanganisira Mukaka Ne-Zvigadzirwa), Mafuta, Mavhitamini Uye Zvicherwa. Dry Cat Chikafu Chinowanzo Extruded. Katsi Hadzina Madhaka, Saka Katsi Chikafu Pellet Anofanirwa Kuumbwa uye Saizi Yekucheka NemaIncisors Pane Kukuya NeMolars, Uye Iyo Extrusion Maitirwo Akanyatsokodzera Kuzadzisa Ichi Chinodiwa Chinokosha (Rokey And Huber, 1994) (Nrc 2006).
Dry Puffed Food
01: Nheyo yeKuwedzera Kuwedzera
Iyo Puffing process ndeyekusanganisa Hupfu hwakasiyana-siyana zvinoenderana neFormula Yakagadzirwa, wobva wapinda muSteam Conditioning, uye wobva wawedzera pasi peTembiricha Yakanyanya uye Kudzvanyirira Mushure mekuchembera, uye wozofa pakubuda kwekamuri yeExtrusion Kamwe kamwe inodonha muTembiricha uye Kumanikidza, zvichikonzera. The Product Particles Kuwedzera Nekukurumidza. Uye Cheka muInodiwa Matatu-Dimensional Shape neMucheki.
Iyo nzira yekukwevera inogona kukamurwa kuita Dry Puffing and Wet Puffing Zvinoenderana nehuwandu hweMvura Yakawedzerwa; Zvinoenderana neSimboti Yekushanda, Inogona Kukamurwa kuita Extrusion Puffing uye Gasi Hot-Press Puffing. Extrusion uye Puffing inzira yekumisikidza uye kudzikamisa zvinhu, inoenderera ichidzvanyirirwa Extrusion, Kamwe-kamwe Kuderedza Kudzvinyirira, uye Vhoriyamu Kuwedzera.
Parizvino, Chikafu Chizhinji cheImbwa Chinotengeswa Musika chinogadzirwa neExtrusion uye Puffing. Iyo Extrusion uye Puffing process Inogona Kuita Kuti Starch Muchikafu Isvike Yakakodzera Yepamusoro Level YeGelatinization, Kuti Iwedzere Digestibility YeStarch Nezvipfuyo (Mercier And Feillit, 1975) (Nrc 2006).
02: Iyo Maitiro Ekuwedzera uye Kupuruzira
Iyo nzira yeYakajairika Yemazuvano Extrusion System ndeye Pretreat Hupfu hwakasiyana nekuwedzera Steam uye Mvura kune Hasha uye Hasha, Kuti zvinhu zvipfave, Iyo Starch Inoitwa Gelatinized, Uye Protein Inoitwawo Denatured. Mukugadzirwa kweChikafu chePeti, Nyama Slurry, Molasses Uye Zvimwe Zvinhu Dzimwe Nguva Inowedzerwa Kuti Ivandudze Palatability.
Conditioner Ndiyo Inonyanya Kushandiswa Conditioning Equipment YePellet Feed Production. Steam Conditioning Ndiko Kunyanya Kukosha Mukuita Pelleting, Uye Huwandu HweSteam Yakawedzerwa Inoenderana Nezviri Mumvura Yakasungwa Yemvura uye Rudzi rweKudya. Kana Mamiriro, Zvinodiwa Kuti Chimiro uye Mvura Yemvura Ive Nenguva Yakareba Yakakwana Yekugara Muconditioner, Kuti Mvura Inyatso Kupinda Muchigadzirwa. Kana Nguva Yakanyanya Kupfupika, Mvura haigone kupinda Muchishandiso, asi inongogara pamusoro pepamusoro muchimiro chemvura yemahara. Haisi Kubatsira Kushanda Kwemaitirwo Anotevera.
Steam Conditioning Iine Nhamba Yezvakanaka:
①Dpudza Kukamhina uye Rebesa Hupenyu Hwekudzvanya Firimu. Kana ichidziya, Mvura Inogona Kupinda Muchishandiso, Uye Mvura Inogona Kushandiswa Sechizora Kudzikisa Kupokana Pakati Pechishandiso NeFirimu Rinodzvanya, nokudaro Kuderedza Kurasika Kwefirimu Rinodzvanya uye Kurebesa Hupenyu Hwebasa.
② Kuvandudza Kukwanisa Kwekugadzira. Kana iyo Hunyoro Yemukati Yakanyanya Kudzika Panguva Yekuwedzera, Iyo Viscosity Pakati Pezvakasiyana Zvinhu Zvikamu Ichava Yakashata, Uye Kugadzira Kugona Kuchave Kwakashata. Kuwedzera Hunyoro Hwemukati Kunogona Kuwedzera Kuwedzera Kugona Kwekugadzira KwemaPellet, Uye Kana Mhedzisiro Yakanaka, Iyo Kugona Kwekugadzira Inogona Kuwedzerwa ne30%.
③ Deredza Kushandisa Simba. Kana Hunyoro Hwemukati Huchidzikira, Iko Kushandiswa KweSimba Kwekuzotevera Kuwedzeredza Uye Mamwe Maitirwo Anowedzera, Uye Huwandu Hwekushanda Hunogona Kuderedzwa Kana Chikafu Chimwechete Chinogadzirwa Mushure meSteam Conditioning, Zvichizoderedza Kushandiswa Kwemagetsi.
④ Kuvandudza Particle Hunhu. Kudzora Huwandu hweMvura yeMvura Inowedzerwa Zvinoenderana Neakasiyana Raw Materials panguva yekupisa Inogona Kuvandudza Hunhu hweGranules.
⑤ Kuvandudza Kuchengetedzwa Kwezvokudya. Munguva yeSteam Conditioning process, Iyo Yepamusoro-Tembiricha Steam Yakawedzerwa Inogona Kuuraya Akasiyana Pathogenic Microorganisms Ari Muakasiyana Ekudya Zvishandiso uye Kuvandudza Kuchengetedzeka Kwechikafu.
Hupfu hwakasiyana-siyana Mushure mekugadzirisa hunotumirwa zvakananga mukamuri yekuwedzeredza yeExtruder, uye yekuwedzera Steam, mvura, uye dzimwe nguva zviyo coarse poda slurry, nyama inotsvedza, zvichingodaro. Iyo Extrusion Chamber ndiyo Yepakati Chikamu cheExtrusion System, uye Mazhinji Emabasa eiyo Yese System anopedzwa nechikamu ichi. Iine Screw, Sleeve And Die Etc. Ichi chikamu chichaona kuti Extruder Ichava Single kana Twin Screw, Kana Iine Two Parallel Shafts Ichange Iine Twin Screw Extruder, Kana Iine Chimwe Chete Chinenge Chinenge Chimwechete Extruder. Basa guru rechikamu ichi nderekusanganisa uye kubika mameseji, uye rinogona kuzadzwa nemvura kana gasi zvichienderana nemamiriro chaiwo. Iyo Extrusion Kamuri yakakamurwa kuita chikamu chekudyisa, kusanganisa chikamu uye chekubika. The Mixing Section Ndiwo Mupimo Unopinda Hupfu Hunopinda Mukamuri Yekuwedzera, Uye Density YeMbizha Material Yakadzika kwazvo Panguva Ino; Kana Dzvinyiriro Yemukati Yechikamu Chekusanganisa Ikawedzera, Kuwanda Kwezvinhu Mbishi zvakare kunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, uye Tembiricha uye Kudzvanya muchikamu chekubika kunowedzera zvakanyanya. Raw Material Structure Yakatanga Kuchinja. Kupokana pakati pehupfu nemadziro edhiramu, screw, uye hupfu huri kuramba huchikura nekukura, uye hupfu hwakasiyana-siyana huri kubikwa uye hukakura pasi pezvakasanganiswa zvinokonzeresa Kukarukana, Kugera Simba uye Kupisa. Tembiricha iri mukamuri yekuwedzeredza inogona kugezesa yakawanda yeStarch uye kumisa yakawanda yePathogenic Microorganisms.
Vamwe Vagadziri veChikafu Chipfuwo Parizvino Vanowedzera Nyama Slurry kune Iyo Extrusion process, Inobvumira Nyama Itsva Kuti Ishandiswe Mumabikirwo pachinzvimbo cheNyama Yakaoma Chete. Nekuda kwehunyoro hwepamusoro hweNyama isina kubatwa, Izvi zvinobvumira Kuwedzera Chikamu cheMhuka Muchikamu Chekudya Chekudya. Kuwedzera Zviri mukati meNyama Itsva Zvishoma Zvinopa Vanhu Kunzwa Kwemhando yepamusoro.
Iyo Extrusion process ine akawanda mabhenefiti:
①Iyo Yepamusoro Tembiricha Uye Kudzvanya Kwepamusoro Kunogadzirwa Muiyo Extrusion Maitirwo Inogona Kunyatso Sterilize;
② Inogona Kuwedzera Zvakanyanya Kuwedzera Dhigirii Yekuwedzera YeStarch. Pane Humbowo Hwokuti Iyo Extrusion Maitiro Inogona Kuita Kuti Iyo Yekuwedzera Dhigirii YeStarch Isvike Kupfuura 90%, Saka Digestibility YeSitashi Nezvipfuyo Zvakare Yakanatsiridzwa Zvikuru;
③ Mapuroteni Akasiyana-siyana Muzvinhu Zvokupisa Anogadziriswa Kuti Avandudze Mapuroteni Digestibility;
④ Bvisa Akasiyana-siyana Anti-Nutritional Factors muKudyisa Zvishandiso, seAntitrypsin MuSoybeans.
Pane Kufa pakubuda kweiyo Extruder, uye kana iyo Yakawedzera Raw Material Ikapfuura neiyo Die, Iro vhoriyamu rinowedzera nekukurumidza nekuda kwekudonha nekukasira kwekushisa uye kudzvanywa. Nekushandura Die Holes, Vagadziri veChikafu chePeti Vanogona Kugadzira Chikafu chePeti Musanganiswa Wakawanda Wemaumbirwo, Saizi uye Ruvara. Uku Kugona Kunyatso Kusanganisa Kwakakosha Sezvo Musika Uchishanduka, Asi Hazvina Zvakawanda Zvinogona Kuchinja MuMatemo Ekusangana Nehutano Kukodzera Kwechikafu Chipfuwo.
Iyo Yakapushwa Chigadzirwa chinochekwa muGranules yehumwe hurefu neRotary Cutter. Iyo Cutter Yakashongedzerwa Iine 1 kusvika 6 Blades. Kuti Ugadzirise Kumhanya Kwayo Kutenderera, Iyo Yekucheka Inowanzo Kutyairwa NeMota Diki Yega.
Iyo Mafuta Yemukati Yakaoma Yakawedzera Chikafu Chipfuwo Inosiyana Kubva pa6% Kusvika Kupfuura 25%. Nekudaro, Yakanyanya Yakanyanya Yemukati Yemafuta Haikwanise Kuwedzerwa Muiyo Extrusion Maitiro, nekuti Iyo Yepamusoro Tembiricha uye Yakanyanya Kudzvanya Muiyo Extrusion Maitiro Ichakanganisa Unsaturated Fatty Acids, Uye Zvakare Inokanganisa Extrusion uye Kuumbwa Kwekudya. Naizvozvo, Iyo Nzira Yekupfapfaidza Mafuta Pamusoro Pamhepo Mushure meKupusha Inowanzo shandiswa Kuwedzera Mafuta eChigadzirwa. Mafuta Anopisa Akapfapfaidzwa Pamusoro peChikafu Chakapushwa Anotorwa Nyore. Huwandu hweMajekiseni eMafuta Hunogona Kugadziridzwa Nekugadzirisa Kumhanyisa Kwekugadzira uye Kuwedzera Mafuta Kumhanyisa, Asi Iyi Nzira Inotarisana Nezvikanganiso Zvikuru. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Nzira Yekudzora Inogona Kugadzirisa Huwandu Hwekuwedzera Mafuta Yakagadzirwa. Iyi Sisitimu Inosanganisira Speed Regulation System uye Positive Pressure Injection Oiri Pombi Sisitimu, Kukanganisa Kwayo kuri mukati megumi%. PaKupfapfaidza, Zvinodiwa Kuti Mafuta Asvike Kupfuura 5%, Zvikasadaro Haagone Kupfapfaidzwa Zvakafanana. Zvakajairika Kupfapfaidza Mapuroteni Digests Uye/Kana Kunhuhwirira Pamusoro PeChikafu Chipfuwo Kusimudzira Kugamuchirwa Kwechikafu (Corbin, 2000) (Nrc2006).
Mushure mekunge Extrusion uye Puffing Yapera, Inoda Kuomeswa Kuti Ibvise Steam uye Mvura Yakaiswa panguva Yekuwedzera. Kazhinji, Hunyoro Muchikafu Hunogona Kusvika 22% Kusvika 28% Panguva Yekugadzira, Uye Mushure meKugadziriswa, Inoda Kuomeswa Kuita Kuti Hunyoro Husvike 10% Kusvika 12% Kuchinjira kuSherufu Yehupenyu hweChigadzirwa. Iyo yekuomesa maitiro inowanzopedzwa neinoenderera yekuomesa ine yakaparadzana inotonhorera kana musanganiswa weiyo Dryer uye inotonhorera. Pasina Kuomeswa Kwakakodzera, Kuwedzerwa Chikafu Chemhuka Inogona Kuipa, NeMicrobial Blooms Uye Kukura kweFungal Payero Inotyisa. Mazhinji Eaya Ma Microorganisms Anogona Kuita Katsi neImbwa Kurwara, semuenzaniso, Kunyange Humwe Humwe Chepfu Inogadzirwa NeMold Mubhegi ReChikafu Chembwa Inogona Kukanganisa Imbwa. Chiyero Chinowanzo shandiswa Yehuwandu hweMvura Yemahara Muchikafu Chipfuwo Indekisi Yechiitiko cheMvura, Inotsanangurwa seEquilibrium Ratio yeNzvimbo Yekudzvanywa Kwemvura uye Kudzvanywa kweVapor Pamusoro peChikafu chePeti panguva imwe chete Tembiricha. Kazhinji, Utachiona Huzhinji Hahukwanisi Kukura Kana Chiitiko cheMvura Chiri Kudzika Kupfuura 0.91. Kana Basa reMvura Riri Pazasi 0.80, Mazhinji Molds Haazokwanisa Kukura Chero.
Izvo Zvakanyanya kukosha Kudzora Hunyoro Yemukati Yechigadzirwa Panguva YePet Chikafu Kuomesa Maitiro. Semuyenzaniso, Kana Hunyoro hweChigadzirwa Hwakaoma Kubva pa25% kusvika 10%, 200kg yeMvura inofanirwa kupeperetswa kuti ibudise 1000kg yeChikafu chakaoma, uye kana Hunyoro Hwakaoma Kubva 25% kusvika 12%, Zvinofanira Kugadzira 1000kg. Zvekudya Kuomesa Chikafu Chete Inoda Kufefetedza 173kg Yemvura. Chikafu Chakawanda Chipfuwo Chinoomeswa Mune Circular Conveyor Dryers.
03: Zvakanakira Zvekuwedzeredzwa Puffed Pet Chikafu
Pamusoro peZvakanakira Zvekunaka Palatability, Yakazvikudza Chikafu Chipfuwo zvakare Ine nhevedzano yezvimwe zvakanakira:
①Kupisa Kwepamusoro, Kudzvanya, Kunyorova Kwepamusoro uye Akasiyana-siyana Mechanical Effects Mukuita Kwekudya Chikafu Inogona Kuwedzera zvakanyanya Gelatinization Degree YeSitashi Mukudya, Denature Protein Mairi, Uye Kuparadza Lipase Inogadzirwa NeMa Microorganisms Akasiyana Panguva imwechete Ita Kuti Mafuta Awedzere Kugadzikana. Zvinobatsira Kuvandudza Digestibility yeMhuka uye Mwero Wekushandisa Kwekudya.
②Iyo Yepamusoro Tembiricha uye Kunyanya Kudzvanywa Kweiyo Yakasvibira Mukamuri Yekuwedzera Inogona Kuuraya Yakasiyana-siyana Pathogenic Microorganisms Iri MuMbizha Material, Kuti Chikafu Chizadzise Izvo Zvakakodzera Hutsanana Zvinodiwa uye Kudzivirira Yakasiyana Digestive Zvirwere Zvinokonzerwa NeKudyisa Chikafu.
③Extrusion uye Puffing Inogona Kugadzira Zvigadzirwa zveGranular zveMaumbirwo Akasiyana, seKatsi Chikafu Chinogona Kugadzirwa MuChimiro Chehove, Chikafu cheImbwa chinogona Kugadzirwa kuita Diki Bone Shape, Inogona Kuvandudza Chido cheMhuka Kudya.
④ Iyo Digestibility Yechikafu Inogona Kuvandudzwa Nekukweva, uye Kunaka uye Kunhuhwirira Kwechikafu kunogona Kukwidziridzwa, Zvinonyanya kukosha kune Imbwa diki nekatsi dzine nhengo dzadzo dzekugaya dzisati dzagadzirwa.
⑤Mvura Yemukati YeDy Extruded Pellet Feed Ingori 10% -12%, Inogona Kuchengetwa Kwenguva Yakareba Pasina Kukonzera Ukunde.
04: Mhedzisiro Yekuwedzeredza PaKugadzika Kwezvinovaka Muviri
Iyo Extrusion Maitirwo eChikafu cheMhuka ine Yakakosha Mhedzisiro paDigestibility Yezvakasiyana Zvokudya, Kunyanya Starch, Protein, Fat, uye Mavhitamini.
Starch Inopinda Gelatinization Pasi Pekusanganiswa Kwekuita Kwekushisa Kwepamusoro, Kudzvanya Kwepamusoro, uye Hunyoro panguva yekudziya uye kuwedzeredza. Iyo Yakasarudzika Maitirwo Ekuti Iyo Starch Mumusanganiswa Wehupfu inotanga Kutora Mvura uye Kunyungudika kubva muSteam Conditioning, uye yorasikirwa neiyo Yekutanga Crystal Mamiriro. Munguva yeExtrusion process, nekuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwehunyoro, tembiricha, uye kudzvanywa, Kuzvimba kweStarchi kunowedzera, uye kune imwe nhanho, Starch granules inotanga Kuputika, uye panguva ino, Starch Inotanga Gelatinize. Kana iyo Extruded Material Yakawedzera kunze kweKufa, nekuti iyo Dzvinyiriro inoerekana yadonha kusvika kumhepo yemhepo, iyo Starch Granules Inoputika zvakanyanya, uye iyo dhigirii yeGelatinization inowedzera zvakanyanya. Iyo Tembiricha uye Kudzvanya Muiyo Extrusion Maitiro Inokonzeresa Iyo Dhigirii YeGelatinization YeSitashi. Mercier Et Al. (1975) Yakawana Kuti Apo Mvura Yaiva 25%, Iyo Yakanyanya Kuwedzera Tembiricha YeCornstarch Yaive 170-200oc. Mukati meRenji iyi, Iyo In Vitro Digestibility yeSitashi Mushure meGelatinization Inogona Kusvika 80%. Kuenzaniswa neDigestibility Isati Yawedzera (18%) Yakawedzera Zvikuru ne18%. Chiang Et Al. (1977) Yakaona Kuti Dhigirii reStarch Gelatinization Yakawedzera Nekuwedzera Kwekupisa Mukati 65-110oc, Asi Dhigirii reStarch Gelatinization Yakaderera Nekuwedzera Kwekukurumidza Kwekudya.
Maitiro eSteam Conditioning uye Extrusion Ane Mhedzisiro Yakakosha Pakugayiwa kweProtein, uye Iyo General Trend ndeyekuita kuti puroteni ichinje munzira iyo inobatsira kune Mhuka Digestion. Pasi pekuita kweSteam Conditioning uye Mechanical Pressure, puroteni inoitwa kuti igadzire magranules, uye iyo yekunyungudika kwemvura inodzikiswa. Iyo Yakakwirira Iyo Yemukati Yeprotein, Iyo Yakanyanya Kunyungudika Kwemvura Kunoderera.
Iyo Gelatinization yeSitashi zvakare ine Yakakosha Impact paKunyungudika kweMvura kweProtein. Iyo Gelatinized Starch Inogadzira Membrane Inoputira Yakatenderedza Protein, Inotungamira Kudzikira KweProtein Mvura Kunyungudika.
Mushure mekunge Protein Yawedzerwa, Chimiro Chayo Zvakare Chinochinja, Uye Chimiro Chayo Chekota Chinoderedzwa Kuita Chepamusoro kana Chechipiri Chimiro, Icho Chinopfupisa Nguva YeHydrolysis YeProtein Panguva Yekugaya. Nekudaro, Glutamic Acid kana Aspartic Acid Mukati meProtein Ichaita neLysine, Iyo Inoderedza Mwero Wekushandisa weLysine. Kuita kwe Maillard Pakati Pe-ε-Amino Boka ReAmino Asidhi NeShuga Pakupisa Kwepamusoro Zvakare Inoderedza Kudyira Kwemapuroteni. Anti-Nutritional Factors in Raw Materials, senge Antitrypsin, Inoparadzwawo Painopisa, Inovandudza Digestibility yeProtein neMhuka Kubva Chimwe Chinhu.
Munguva Yese Yekugadzira Maitirwo, Mapuroteni ari MuChikafu Haasati achinja, Uye Iyo Potency YeAmino Acids Haisi Kuchinja Zvakanyanya.
Nguva yekutumira: Mar-02-2023